{"id":299,"date":"2022-10-01T17:48:24","date_gmt":"2022-10-01T14:48:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/test\/?p=299"},"modified":"2022-10-02T11:43:08","modified_gmt":"2022-10-02T08:43:08","slug":"misak-i-milli-ve-turk-devletinin-sinirlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/2022\/10\/01\/misak-i-milli-ve-turk-devletinin-sinirlari\/","title":{"rendered":"Mis\u00e2k-I Mill\u00ee Ve T\u00fcrk Devletinin S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Prof. Dr. Mesut AYDIN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet; bir milletin belli bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu politik te\u015fkil\u00e2tlanma ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan t\u00fczel bir ki\u015filiktir. Bu tan\u0131mlamada \u00fclke (yurt), millet, devlet kudreti (hakimiyet) ve politik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme gibi \u00f6nemli kavramlar yer almaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n da modern anlamda devleti olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 hukukun stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc, devletlerin olu\u015fturdu\u011funu dikkate al\u0131rsak devletin unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 bir tak\u0131m kavramlar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klamakta yarar vard\u0131r. Devletin, birini di\u011ferine tercih edemedi\u011fimiz unsurlar\u0131ndan ilki millettir. Millet, ortak ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olan ve birlikte ya\u015fama arzusu g\u00f6steren insan toplulu\u011fudur. Bir ba\u015fka ifade ile bir milleti millet yapan en \u00f6nemli husus, ki\u015filerde ortak bir bilincin var olmas\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f bir \u00fclkeye ba\u011fl\u0131 ortak ya\u015fama arzusudur.
Devletin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli ve konumuz itibar\u0131yla \u00fczerinde durmam\u0131z gereken unsuru ise \u00fclkedir. Uluslararas\u0131 hukukta ge\u00e7erli olan kurallara g\u00f6re bir devletin \u00fclkesi, devlete ait kara, deniz ve hava unsurlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin kara \u00fclkesi, devlet \u00fclkesinin temel ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, devletin kara \u00fclkesi olmadan deniz ve hava \u00fclkesine sahip olmas\u0131 imk\u00e2n\u0131 yoktur. Kara \u00fclkesi, \u00fczerinde bulunan g\u00f6l ve akarsu t\u00fcr\u00fcnden i\u00e7 sular\u0131 da kapsamaktad\u0131r. Kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 kara par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczeyi ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmay\u0131p yeralt\u0131nda da devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin deniz \u00fclkesi veya yetki alanlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131na giren yerler ise i\u00e7 sular, karasular\u0131, biti\u015fik b\u00f6lge, k\u0131ta sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, m\u00fcnhas\u0131r ekonomik b\u00f6lge ve tak\u0131mada sular\u0131d\u0131r. Bu konuda a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 en temel belge 10 Aral\u0131k 1982 tarihinde imzalanan ve 16 Kas\u0131m 1994\u2019te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Deniz Hukuku S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi(BMDHS)dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BMDHS\u2019ne g\u00f6re i\u00e7 sular, k\u0131y\u0131 devletinin kara \u00fclkesine s\u0131k\u0131ca ba\u011fl\u0131 sular olup; karasular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 esas hatt\u0131n kara taraf\u0131nda kalan deniz alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r . Karasular\u0131 ise k\u0131y\u0131 devletinin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda kabul edilen ve kara \u00fclkesini \u00e7evreleyen deniz alanlar\u0131 olup; uluslararas\u0131 hukuka uygun olarak a\u00e7\u0131klara do\u011fru belirli bir geni\u015fli\u011fe kadar uzana ve k\u0131y\u0131 devletine ait deniz ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r . Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle k\u0131y\u0131 devletinin k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 veya i\u00e7 sular\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131k deniz aras\u0131nda kalan belirli geni\u015flikteki bir deniz alan\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r . Devletin deniz \u00fclkesiyle ilgili bir ba\u015fka tan\u0131mlama da biti\u015fik b\u00f6lgedir. Biti\u015fik b\u00f6lge, karasular\u0131na biti\u015fik olan ve k\u0131y\u0131 devletinin belirli bir geni\u015fli\u011fe kadar baz\u0131 konularda yetkilerini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k deniz alanlar\u0131d\u0131r . Devletin deniz \u00fclkesiyle ilgili g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulacak di\u011fer bir unsuru da k\u0131ta sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131ta sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, denize k\u0131y\u0131 bir devletin kara \u00fclkesinin denizin alt\u0131nda s\u00fcren do\u011fal uzant\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r . M\u00fcnhas\u0131r ekonomik b\u00f6lge ise bir k\u0131y\u0131 devletinin karasular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 esas \u00e7izgilerden itibaren ba\u015flayan, 200 deniz miline kadar varan ve karasular\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan su tabakas\u0131 ile deniz yata\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu su tabakas\u0131 ve deniz yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve onun toprak alt\u0131nda bu k\u0131y\u0131 devletine m\u00fcnhas\u0131r ekonomik haklar\u0131n ve yetkilerin tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir deniz alan\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131 devleti, m\u00fcnhas\u0131r ekonomik b\u00f6lgedeki canl\u0131 ve cans\u0131z do\u011fal kaynaklar \u00fczerinde ekonomik haklara sahiptir .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin hava \u00fclkesi ise kara \u00fclkesi ve i\u00e7 sular\u0131vla karasular\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde yer alan saha, hava sahas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir devletin hava \u00fclkesinde belirleyici role sahip en \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131nt\u0131 FIR hatt\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle sivil u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanabilmesi amac\u0131yla olu\u015fturulan ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (ICAO) taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen; i\u00e7inde u\u00e7u\u015f bilgisi, arama kurtarma faaliyetleri ve uyar\u0131 sistemlerine de yer verilen hava sahas\u0131na FIR (U\u00e7u\u015f Bildirim B\u00f6lgesi) hatt\u0131 denilmektedir .
Devletin esas unsuru olmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda onun egemenlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u00fclkenin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnmezli\u011fi ilkesi de politik anlamda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 hukuk kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re kurulan bir devletin \u00fclkesinin, bu devletin r\u0131zas\u0131 olmadan hi\u00e7bir bi\u00e7imde b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi, par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu edilemez. Milletler Cemiyeti s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin 10. maddesinde \u00fcye devletlerin, birbirlerinin \u00fclke b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stereceklerini taahh\u00fct edece\u011fine dair kay\u0131tlar vard\u0131r .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milletler Cemiyeti ilkeleri aras\u0131na girmi\u015f olan \u00fclke b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesi, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n tespiti ile v\u00fccut bulur. Ayr\u0131ca, s\u0131n\u0131rlar bir devletin h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131 da belirler. Bu m\u00fcnasebetle, devletler politik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f \u00fclke kapsam\u0131nda hakimiyetlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde var olurlar. Bir devletin h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131k hakk\u0131n\u0131n bitti\u011fi ve di\u011fer devletin hakimiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktalar\u0131 belirleyen s\u0131n\u0131rlar, s\u0131n\u0131rda\u015f devletlerin yapaca\u011f\u0131 ikili antla\u015fmalar ile belirlenebilece\u011fi gibi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc devletlerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren antla\u015fmalar \u015feklinde de belirlenebilir. S\u0131n\u0131r tespitleri yap\u0131l\u0131rken birtak\u0131m \u00f6zellikler de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere da\u011f, g\u00f6l, nehir ve batakl\u0131k gibi do\u011fal unsurlardan ya da enlem, boylam ve demiryolu hatt\u0131 gibi yapay unsurlardan yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Uluslararas\u0131 hukuka dayal\u0131 antla\u015fmalarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen s\u0131n\u0131r tespitlerinden sonra belirlenen s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesi veya de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelik sorunlar da \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r. Bu, sadece araziyle ilgili bir konu olmay\u0131p, arazi \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan topluluklar\u0131n geleceklerini de yak\u0131ndan ilgilendirmektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klama, kimi kavramlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlarla birlikte m\u00fctalaa edilmesini gerektirmi\u015ftir. Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk i\u00e7inde de\u011fer bulan bu kavramlar ise milliyetler prensibi ve self-determination hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Milletlerin, geleceklerini bizzat kendilerinin belirlemeleri anlam\u0131na gelen self-determination hakk\u0131, 5 Ocak 1918 tarihli Wilson ilkeleri i\u00e7inde de yer alm\u0131\u015f ve 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Milletler Cemiyeti ile ge\u00e7erlilik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wilson \u0130lkelerinin 12. maddesi yukar\u0131da belirtilen self-determination hakk\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. Ayn\u0131 hususlara Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee\u2019de de i\u015faret edilmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin Mondros M\u00fctarekesini imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihlerde, sahip oldu\u011fu toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n gelece\u011fi s\u00f6zkonusu edilmi\u015ftir. Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee\u2019nin birinci maddesinde yer alan ifadelerde; self-determinasyon hakk\u0131n\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan \u201cdin, \u0131rk ve soy bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birle\u015fik ve birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 sayg\u0131 ve fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k duygular\u0131yla dolu olarak soy ve toplum hukuklar\u0131 ile muhitlerinin \u015fartlar\u0131na tamam\u0131yla uyan\u201d Osmanl\u0131-\u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa da verilmesi ve yap\u0131lacak olan bir halk oylamas\u0131 ile geleceklerini belirlemelerinin gereklili\u011fi \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc maddede de ayn\u0131 husus g\u00fcndeme getirilerek Elviye-i Sel\u00e2se (Ardahan, Kars ve Batum) ve Bat\u0131 Trakya M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da serbest\u00e7e iradelerini yans\u0131tmalar\u0131na yard\u0131m edilmesi gerekti\u011fine i\u015faret edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, geni\u015f manada, XIII. yy\u2019da T\u00fcrklere yeni ufuklar a\u00e7an Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015f\u00ee Vel\u00ee\u2019nin veciz s\u00f6z\u00fc ile b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirebilece\u011fimiz \u015fekliyle \u201celine, beline ve diline sahip \u00e7\u0131kmak\u201d , dar manada ise Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131ndan sonra, mill\u00ee \u00f6zelliklere sahip bir T\u00fcrk Devletinin kurulmas\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fmas\u0131 hususunda uyulmas\u0131 gereken ilkelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, iradelerini serbest\u00e7e kullanacak olan ahalinin mill\u00ee, iktisad\u00ee, siyas\u00ee, i\u00e7tima\u00ee (sosyal), hukuk\u00ee, mal\u00ee, hars\u00ee (k\u00fclt\u00fcrel) geli\u015fmesine engel te\u015fkil edecek hi\u00e7bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na girmeyece\u011fini de ifade etmektedir. Esas \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gereken konu da budur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir s\u0131n\u0131r sorunu olmay\u0131p, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f bir \u00fclke i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan ahalinin mutlulu\u011funu sa\u011flayacak olan mill\u00ee politikan\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r. Milli M\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemi ile birlikte hedeflenen ve ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan da budur. Atat\u00fcrk, mill\u00ee politikayla ilgili olarak; \u201cdevletin her y\u00f6n\u00fcyle milli bir politika izlemesi ve bu politikan\u0131n b\u00fcnyemize tamamen uygun ve dayal\u0131 olmas\u0131 laz\u0131md\u0131r. Milli politika dedi\u011fim zaman kastetti\u011fim anlam ve i\u015faret etmek istedi\u011fim husus \u015fudur; Milli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7inde, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kendi kuvvetimize dayan\u0131p varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 koruyarak millet ve memleketin ger\u00e7ek mutlulu\u011fu ve kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak… Rastgele bitmeyen emeller pe\u015finde milleti u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131rmamak, zarara u\u011fratmamak… Medeni d\u00fcnyadan, medeni ve insanca muameleyi, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 dostlu\u011fu beklemektir\u201d \u015feklinde bir tan\u0131mlama yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemi ve yeni kurulan T\u00fcrk devletinin ament\u00fcs\u00fc diyebilece\u011fimiz Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, Erzurum Kongresi (23 Temmuz-7 A\u011fustos 1919)\u2019nde \u015fekillenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u00e7erik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan mahalli bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc \u00e7izse de mill\u00ee bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck arz eden Erzurum Kongresi kararlar\u0131 Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee\u2019ye temel te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. Kongre kararlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesinin gelece\u011fi ile ilgili kararlar s\u00f6z konusuysa da t\u00fcz\u00fckte belirtildi\u011fi gibi \u201c Bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olu\u015fturan Do\u011fu Anadolu illeriyle birlikte kutsal amac\u0131n elde edilmesi i\u00e7in giri\u015fimlere devam edilecektir\u201d denilmi\u015ftir. \u0130kinci maddede ise Osmanl\u0131 yurdunun b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden bahsedilerek, b\u00f6l\u00fcnmezlik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi b\u00f6lgesellikten \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir Osmanl\u0131 memleketini kapsayacak \u015fekilde yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine, \u201cher t\u00fcrl\u00fc yabanc\u0131 i\u015fgal ve m\u00fcdahalesine kar\u015f\u0131 millet birlik olarak kendisini savunacak ve kar\u015f\u0131 koyacakt\u0131r\u201d ilkesi, Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca dayana\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bunu b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftiren bir ba\u015fka nokta da \u201cKuvay-\u0131 Milliyeyi \u00e2mil ve ir\u00e2de-i Milliyeyi h\u00e2kim k\u0131lmak esast\u0131r\u201d \u015feklinde kongre kararlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015f kay\u0131tlard\u0131r. Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eenin \u00f6nemli unsurlar\u0131ndan biri olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cmill\u00ee yap\u0131y\u0131 bozacak her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131n reddedilmesi\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi de Erzurum Kongresinden itibaren yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, \u201cH\u0131ristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131klara siyas\u00ee hakimiyet ve sosyal dengemizi bozan ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar verilemez\u201d karar\u0131, bu noktada birbiriyle b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck olu\u015fturan \u00f6nemli olgulard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sivas Kongresi (4-11 Eyl\u00fcl 1919) de Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee ilkelerinin belirlendi\u011fi bir s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Erzurum Kongresinde kabul edilen kararlar, Sivas\u2019ta onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca; Amasya Tamiminde i\u015faret edilen \u201cMilletin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durum ve \u015fartlar\u0131n gere\u011fini yerine getirmek ve haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcr sesle cihana duyurmak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bask\u0131 ve kontrolden uzak\u201d mill\u00ee bir heyet, Sivas\u2019ta faaliyetine ba\u015flayarak, olu\u015fturulan mill\u00ee politikay\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu bilgiler de g\u00f6steriyor ki, Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee tasla\u011f\u0131, Sivas Kongresi kararlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda Ankara\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen toplant\u0131larda haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat Ankara\u2019da haz\u0131rlan\u0131p \u0130stanbul\u2019a gitti\u011fi \u015fekliyle de\u011fil, \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan bir tak\u0131m tart\u0131\u015fma ve d\u00fczenlemelerden sonra imza alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilebilir. Tart\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131lanlar ise \u0130stanbul\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lacak olan Meclis-i Mebusan se\u00e7imlerini kazanan milletvekilleridir. Zir\u00e2 Ankara\u2019da haz\u0131rlanan metin, Trabzon milletvekili ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Heyet-i Temsiliye \u00fcyesi bulunan H\u00fcsrev (GEREDE) Bey taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 22 Ocak 1920 tarihli toplant\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanan Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee metni, Osmanl\u0131 Mebusan Meclisinin 28 Ocak 1920 g\u00fcnk\u00fc oturumda H\u00fcsrev (GEREDE) Bey taraf\u0131ndan okunmu\u015ftur. Milletvekilleri taraf\u0131ndan kabul edildikten sonra 17 \u015eubat 1920 tarihinde de d\u00fcnya kamuoyuna ilan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca de\u011finilen kongre kararlar\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti\u011fimiz Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee ilkelerinin nerede, kimler taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu ve son \u015fekline nas\u0131l getirildi\u011fi konusunda olduk\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fik bilgiler mevcuttur. Kimi Meclis-i Mebusan \u00fcyeleri, Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee tasla\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendilerinin \u015fekillendirdi\u011fini veya kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine uygun bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlediklerini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Kimileri de Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eenin Mebusan Meclisinde olu\u015fturulan bir komisyonda \u015fekillendirildi\u011finden bahseder.
Farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n nedeni Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee metninin Mebusan Meclisinin a\u00e7\u0131k ya da gizli oturumlar\u0131nda de\u011fil de grup niteli\u011findeki \u00f6zel toplant\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclerek belirlenmesindendir. Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n gizli tutulmas\u0131 ve toplant\u0131larla ilgili tutanak tutulmamas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fik anlat\u0131mlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. \u0130mzalanan orijinal metnin elde bulunmamas\u0131 da bu t\u00fcr tart\u0131\u015fmalara farkl\u0131 bir boyut kazand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, Ankara\u2019da olu\u015fturulmu\u015f ve \u0130stanbul\u2019da meclis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na paralel olarak \u015fekillendirilmi\u015f tarihi bir belgedir. Bu ba\u011flamda kimin ne \u015fekilde Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eeye katk\u0131da bulundu\u011funa de\u011fil, ona ne \u015fekilde uyuldu\u011funa kafa yormak gerekmektedir.
Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, kimilerince T\u00fcrk Milleti ad\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck iste\u011fini ifade etti\u011fi i\u00e7in Magna Chartaya, kimilerince de mill\u00eelik vasf\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Bildirisine e\u015f de\u011ferde bir belge olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eenin farkl\u0131 bir boyutu da T\u00fcrk milletinin ideali olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, uzun y\u00fczy\u0131llar ya\u015fat\u0131lan T\u00fcrk devlet gelene\u011finin \u00f6z\u00fcmsenerek hayata ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Di\u011fer milletlerin ve devletlerin geli\u015ftirdikleri idealler (Grek Projesi, Megali \u0130dea, B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgaristan, B\u00fcy\u00fck Suriye, B\u00fcy\u00fck Ermenistan vs.) dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa, Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eenin de Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, yeniden var olma m\u00fccadelesi veren mill\u00eeci bir z\u00fcmrenin ye\u015fertti\u011fi bir ideal manzumesi oldu\u011fu ve mill\u00ee politika olarak geli\u015ftirilmeye uygun bir \u00f6zellik ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, bu devrede di\u011ferlerine nazaran \u201cyay\u0131lma siyaseti\u201d de\u011fil bir \u201csavunma siyaseti\u201d olarak de\u011fer kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee\u2019nin i\u00e7eri\u011fi dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa do\u011frudan do\u011fruya T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin o g\u00fcnlerde i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durum ve bu durumdan nas\u0131l kurtulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeten ilkeler \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemize g\u00f6re, \u201cYurtta Sulh Cihanda Sulh\u201d ilkesi de bu d\u00f6nemin savunma politikalar\u0131n\u0131n parolas\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milli M\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemi \u015fartlar\u0131nda belirli bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveye oturtulan Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, o d\u00f6nemle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Somut bir kavram veya de\u011fi\u015fmez ilkeler olarak de\u011ferlendirilir ve bu \u015fekilde bir rol bi\u00e7ilirse b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yan\u0131lg\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta eldeki mevcut s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, asla somut bir kavram olarak de\u011ferlendirilmemelidir. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn bu konudaki de\u011ferlendirmesi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u00e7in hala ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r. O; \u201cMis\u00e2k-\u0131 Milli\u2019nin asli \u00f6zellikleri kesin sonuca ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z g\u00fcne kadar devam eder…\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle geli\u015ftirilmesi ve asla vazge\u00e7ilmemesi gereken bir d\u00fcsturdan bahsetmektedir. Burada dikkati \u00e7eken bir ba\u015fka husus da ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanan sonu\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zaman-mekan s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Zaman-mekan s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olmamas\u0131yla ilgili olarak Atat\u00fcrk: \u201c…Efendiler! Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 milliyemizin bug\u00fcn takip etti\u011fi gaye vatan\u0131n ink\u0131samdan ve milletin esaretten tahlisine matuftur. \u0130n\u015fallah zaman-\u0131 karibde te\u015fkilat-\u0131 milliye bu gayenin istihsali ile deruhte etti\u011fi vazife-i vataniyesini ifa edecektir. Fakat vazifesini ikmal etmi\u015f say\u0131lacak m\u0131d\u0131r? Bence bundan sonra da pek m\u00fchim vazife-i vataniye ve milliyemiz vard\u0131r. Ezc\u00fcmle ahval-i dahiliyemizi \u0131slah ile milel-i m\u00fctemeddine meyan\u0131nda faal bir uzuv olabilece\u011fimizi fiilen isbat etmek laz\u0131md\u0131r….\u201d diyerek, konuya a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u201cTe\u015fkilat-\u0131 Milliyemizin bug\u00fcn takip etti\u011fi gaye\u201d diye tarifini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, bilakis soyut bir kavram olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Hatta g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze etki edecek, devleti y\u00f6nlendirecek mill\u00ee bir politika \u00f6zelli\u011fi \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn mill\u00ee politika olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee ilkelerinin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc istiklal-i tamme olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk, Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eeden ilham alarak istiklal-i tamm fikrinden; \u201c …. Biz; ya\u015famak isteyen, onur ve \u015ferefi ile ya\u015famak isteyen bir milletiz… Bilgin, cahil, istisnas\u0131z b\u00fct\u00fcn millet fertleri, belki i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri tamamen anlamaks\u0131z\u0131n, bug\u00fcn yaln\u0131z bir nokta etraf\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015f ve kan\u0131n\u0131 sonuna kadar ak\u0131tmaya karar vermi\u015ftir. O nokta; tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve devam ettirilmesidir. Tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k denildi\u011fi zaman, elbette siyas\u00ee, mal\u00ee, ekonomik, adl\u00ee, asker\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel vs. her hususta tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve tam serbestlik demektir. Bu sayd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n herhangi birinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan yoksunluk, millet ve memleketin ger\u00e7ek manas\u0131 ile b\u00fct\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yoksunlu\u011fu demektir…\u201d \u015feklinde bahsetmektedir. O halde Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn yukar\u0131da s\u0131ralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerin hepsinde ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u015fartt\u0131r. Bunlardan birinde ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmak istiklal-i tamm fikrine dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee idealine ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da engelleyecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk, istiklal-i tamm fikrinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in asker\u00ee ve politik istiklalin teminiyle birlikte o d\u00f6nemin g\u00fc\u00e7 \u015fartlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde iktisad\u00ee, adl\u00ee, mal\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel (hars\u00ee) manada da bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mesafe kat etmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eeden kesinlikle \u00f6d\u00fcn verilmemi\u015ftir. 21 \u015eubat-12 Mart 1921 tarihleri aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen Londra Konferans\u0131nda Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmetini temsilen \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve \u0130talyan temsilcilerle ikili anla\u015fmalar yapan Bekir Sami (KUNDUH) Bey\u2019in durumu ve Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eeye ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle anla\u015fmalar\u0131n \u015fiddetle ele\u015ftirilmesi, Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee fikrinin Mustafa Kemal ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisince ne kadar titizlikle savunuldu\u011fu dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Bekir Sami Bey\u2019in Frans\u0131z ve \u0130talyan meslekta\u015flar\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ikili anla\u015fmalarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin iktisad\u00ee ve mal\u00ee \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ipotek konuldu\u011fu, I. D\u00fcnya Harbine girerken kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilan edilen kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n sanki tekrar hortlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi. Bu y\u00fczden Bekir Sami Bey Ankara\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7ok zor durumda kalm\u0131\u015f ve istifa etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngilizlerle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u00dcsera M\u00fcbadelesi Anla\u015fmas\u0131 da adl\u00ee manada istiklalimizi hi\u00e7e sayan ve e\u015fit \u015fartlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmemi\u015f bir anla\u015fman\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini i\u00e7eriyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, t\u00fcme-t\u00fcm bir anla\u015fma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mamaktayd\u0131. Anla\u015fman\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini ise \u0130ngilizlerin dikte ettirdi\u011fi \u015fartlar olu\u015fturuyordu.
\u0130ngilizler, Frans\u0131zlar ve \u0130talyanlar ile yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmalar\u0131n hepsi B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi taraf\u0131ndan reddedilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n yerine T\u00fcrk Milletine hayat hakk\u0131 tan\u0131yan, hukukunu me\u015fru k\u0131lan anla\u015fmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta dikkate bile al\u0131nmayan Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee, ilgili devletlere kabul ettirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130ngilizlerle Ekim 1921 tarihinde esir m\u00fcbadelesine ili\u015fkin yeni bir anla\u015fma imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu anla\u015fmayla Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u0130stanbul temsilcisi ve K\u0131z\u0131lay (Hilal-i Ahmer)\u2019\u0131n ikinci ba\u015fkan\u0131 Hamid Bey t\u00fcme t\u00fcm esas\u0131na g\u00f6re esir m\u00fcbadelesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 tarihlerde Frans\u0131zlarla Ankara \u0130tilafnamesi\u2019nin imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bekir Sami Bey\u2019in Londra\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi anla\u015fmalar\u0131n tahlili, Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eeyi bir politika olarak uygulamaya soktu\u011funu ve herhangi bir \u015fekilde \u00f6d\u00fcn vermedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir.
\u00c7e\u015fitli ak\u0131mlar\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda kalmadan mill\u00ee benlik bilincine vak\u0131f nesiller yeti\u015ftirmenin yeg\u00e2ne \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n, mill\u00ee e\u011fitim seferberli\u011fi ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini idrak eden Mustafa Kemal (ATAT\u00dcRK), Sakarya Muharebesi \u00f6ncesinde 15 Temmuz 1921 tarihinde Maarif Kongresini toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hakimiyet-i Milliye Gazetesi ba\u015f yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, \u201c…\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Yunan taarruzunun en ate\u015fli zamanlar\u0131nda, \u00f6\u011fretmen ordusunun gelece\u011fiyle me\u015fgul bulunuyor. Bu necib ve ulvi misal T\u00fcrk tarihinin misli ender bulunan k\u0131ymetli hat\u0131ralar\u0131ndan biri olacakt\u0131r….\u201d diyerek Maarif Kongresinin d\u00fcnya tarihinde bir benzerinin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret ediyor ve en buhranl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde bile Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn mill\u00ee e\u011fitime verdi\u011fi \u00f6nemi vurguluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal\u2019i b\u00f6yle bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye y\u00f6nelten ise Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee\u2019den ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi. \u0130ktisad\u00ee, politik, sosyal vs. gibi y\u00f6nlerden istiklale ula\u015fsa dahi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olgunlu\u011fa ula\u015fmayan ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fiyle ba\u011flar kuramayan T\u00fcrk Milletinin b\u00fcy\u00fck felaketler ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalmas\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en iyi bilenlerdendi. Nitekim O, \u201c…\u00d6zellikle, bizim milletimiz, mill\u00ee anlay\u0131\u015fa s\u0131rt \u00e7evirmenin \u00e7ok ac\u0131 cezalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7indeki \u00e7e\u015fitli topluluklar, hep mill\u00ee ilkelere sar\u0131larak, milliyet\u00e7i \u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayanarak, kendilerini kurtard\u0131lar. Biz ne oldu\u011fumuzu, sopa ile i\u00e7lerinden kovulunca anlad\u0131k. G\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc yitirdi\u011fimiz anda bizi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lad\u0131lar. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Anlad\u0131k ki su\u00e7umuz, kendimizi unutmakl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zm\u0131\u015f\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle mill\u00ee benlik, e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr olgusunun \u00f6nemini a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde vurguluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mustafa Kemal, Maarif Kongresini a\u00e7\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131nda kongrede haz\u0131r bulunanlardan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin milli e\u011fitim te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 kurmalar\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015f ve s\u00f6zlerini \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: \u201c\u015eimdiye kadar izlenmi\u015f olan e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim bi\u00e7imlerinin, ulusumuzun gerilemesinde en \u00f6nemli nedenlerden biri oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m. Onun i\u00e7in bir ulusal e\u011fitim program\u0131ndan s\u00f6z a\u00e7arken, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin as\u0131ls\u0131z uydurmalar\u0131ndan, yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131za uymayan yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden, do\u011fudan ve bat\u0131dan gelebilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc etkiden b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn uzak, tarihi ve ulusal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131za uygun bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oluyorum. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ulusal deham\u0131z\u0131n tam olarak geli\u015fmesi, ancak b\u00f6yle bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrle sa\u011flanabilir. Rastgele bir yabanc\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc kabullenmek, \u015fimdiye kadar pe\u015fine tak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yabanc\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar ettirebilir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr, ortama uyumludur. O ortam, milletin karakteridir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine ayn\u0131 kongrede yeni yeti\u015fecek nesillere neler \u00f6\u011fretilmesi gerekti\u011fi de bir d\u00fcstur olarak Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ifadeleriyle v\u00fccut bulur. Bu s\u00f6zler: \u201c…Onlara \u00f6zellikle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile hakk\u0131 ile birli\u011fi ile ters d\u00fc\u015fen b\u00fct\u00fcn yabanc\u0131 unusurlarla m\u00fccadele l\u00fczumunu ve mill\u00ee duyguya dayanan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olgunlukla her kar\u015f\u0131t d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddetle ve fedak\u00e2rl\u0131kla savunma zorunlulu\u011fu telkin edilmelidir…\u201d \u015feklinde idi.
E\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr seferberli\u011finin \u00f6nemli a\u015famalar\u0131ndan biri de \u201cMisak-\u0131 Maarif\u201d diyebilece\u011fimiz ve bizzat Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn emir ve direktifleri ile Mustafa Rahmi (Balaban) Bey\u2019e haz\u0131rlat\u0131lan \u201cGazi Hazretlerinin E\u011fitim Umdesi; Asr\u00ee Terbiye ve Maarif\u201d adl\u0131 eserdir. Bu eser, 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda Maarif Vek\u00e2leti Mecmuas\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f ve e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimin birle\u015ftirilmesi ne zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eede hedeflenen bir ba\u015fka husus da iktisad\u00ee istiklal fikridir. Yeni T\u00fcrk devleti, bu hususun \u00f6nemine binaen ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmet (\u0130cra Vekilleri Heyeti) b\u00fcnyesinde \u0130ktisat vekilli\u011fini olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve zaferden sonra da \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresini toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresinde al\u0131nan kararlar, \u0130ktisat Esaslar\u0131m\u0131z ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor ve \u201cMilletimiz ge\u00e7mi\u015finden de\u011fil, art\u0131k gelece\u011finden sorumludur…\u201d \u015feklinde devam ediyordu. Kongrede b\u00fct\u00fcn delegelerin ittifak\u0131 ile kabul edilen ve 12 maddeden olu\u015fan \u201cMisak-\u0131 \u0130ktisad\u00ee\u201d yeni T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin iktisad\u00ee hedeflerini belirliyor ve \u00e7izilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7erisinde iktisad\u00ee durumun nas\u0131l geli\u015ftirilece\u011fine i\u015faret ediliyor ve \u015fu \u00f6nemli mesaj ile sona eriyordu: \u201cHer T\u00fcrk Kad\u0131n\u0131 ve kocas\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 iktisad\u00ee misaka g\u00f6re yeti\u015ftirir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son olarak, konumuzla yak\u0131ndan ilgili olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla politik istiklal ve onu belirleyen s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00fczerinde durulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, politik istiklal belirli bir s\u0131n\u0131r dahilinde v\u00fccut bulur ve en basit ifadesiyle onun muhafazas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee metninde \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde s\u0131n\u0131rlardan bahsedilmez. Ancak birinci madde i\u00e7inde zikredilen co\u011frafya ana hatlar\u0131yla belirlenmi\u015f ve Suriye\u2019nin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n bir tablosu \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. Bu, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in Ankara\u2019ya ilk geli\u015finde halka yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda da aynen ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Orada s\u0131n\u0131rla ilgili ibareler ve M. Kemal\u2019in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri ise \u015fu \u015fekilde belirginle\u015fmi\u015fti: \u201cI. D\u00fcnya Harbinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, devletimizin bir tak\u0131m fedakarl\u0131\u011fa katlanmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yor. Buna g\u00f6re devlet i\u00e7in mill\u00ee, yeni bir s\u0131n\u0131r kabul ettik… M\u00fctareke imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn ordular\u0131m\u0131z fiilen bu hatta hakim bulunuyordu. Bu s\u0131n\u0131r, \u0130skenderun K\u00f6rfezi g\u00fcneyinden Antakya\u2019dan Halep ile Katma \u0130stasyonu aras\u0131nda Cerablus K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc g\u00fcneyinde F\u0131rat Nehrine kavu\u015fur. Oradan Deyr-i Zor\u2019a iner; Daha sonra do\u011fuya k\u0131vr\u0131larak Musul, Kerk\u00fck, S\u00fcleymaniye\u2019yi i\u00e7ine al\u0131r…\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci maddede Elviye-i Selase (Ardahan, Kars, Batum) ve bu beldelerin gelece\u011finden bahsedilmi\u015ftir. Elviye-i selase topraklar\u0131 T\u00fcrk Devletinin m\u00fctarekedeki kuzey-do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc madde i\u00e7inde belirtilen Bat\u0131 Trakya ise Rumeli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 vermektedir. \u015eu halde; yukar\u0131da belirtilen g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131yla do\u011fuda Elviye-i selase ve bat\u0131da Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019y\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alan bir co\u011frafya, Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eenin s\u00f6zkonusu etti\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da belirtilen topraklar T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusunun yo\u011funlukla ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerdi. Yeni T\u00fcrk devletinin vatan topraklar\u0131 olarak kabul edilen bu co\u011frafyada Osmanl\u0131 mir\u00ee sisteminin ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 da ayr\u0131ca \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli bir husustur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti zaman\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019da miri rejimin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u015eam\u2019dan ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. \u015eam, miri rejime dahildir. Ancak, \u015eam\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney sancaklar\u0131nda miri rejim tam anlam\u0131yla uygulanamamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n kuzeyde, Halep ve \u00e7evresinde ise kesintisiz olarak uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Miri s\u0131n\u0131r, \u015eam\u2019dan kuzey-do\u011fuya do\u011fru, Suriye \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fcneyde b\u0131rakarak, Rakka\u2019y\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131p Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinden Tebriz\u2019e ula\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Tebriz de miri rejime dahildi. Fakat, Osmanl\u0131-\u0130ran m\u00fccadelelerinde Tebriz\u2019in s\u0131k\u00e7a el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi, burada miri rejimin uzun s\u00fcre ve tam olarak uygulanmas\u0131na imkan vermemi\u015ftir. Ancak Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde, tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde yo\u011fun T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfus ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Tebriz\u2019in miri rejimin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 imkans\u0131z k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Miri sistem dahilinde kabul edilen s\u0131n\u0131r, Tebriz\u2019den kuzey-bat\u0131ya hareketle, Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndan Nahcivan ve Revan\u2019\u0131(Erivan) i\u00e7ine alarak Batum\u2019a ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rumeli\u2019de ise miri rejim, Tuna nehri tabii s\u0131n\u0131r olmak \u00fczere Bulgaristan, Makedonya, Bosna ve Belgrat\u2019\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgede Budin 1686\u2019da Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f, Mora ise 1687-1716 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Venediklilerin elinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Belgrat da 1718-1739 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n hakimiyeti alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla; Budin, Belgrat ve Mora\u2019da miri rejim tam olarak uygulanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Girit ise miri rejim kapsam\u0131nda olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131m zorluklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 burada da miri rejim ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilememi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta ise durum daha farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 fethi (1571)nden sonra 1878 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar kesintisiz olarak T\u00fcrk hakimiyetinde kalan K\u0131br\u0131s, ayn\u0131 zamanda Anadolu\u2019dan s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrmeler yoluyla T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusuyla beslenmi\u015ftir. Daima miri rejimin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfus ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tarihi zemin ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar, T\u00fcrk Milli M\u00fccadelesinin de s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar devam eden sorunlar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 da yine bu alanlar olmu\u015ftur. Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecine girdi\u011fi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren kopmalar\u0131n, kenar b\u00f6lgeler diyebilece\u011fimiz \u00f6zerk b\u00f6lgelerden ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kuzey Afrika\u2019da Tunus, Cezayir ve M\u0131s\u0131r i\u015fgal veya himaye edildi\u011fi zaman, T\u00fcrkiye lehine olmak \u00fczere, halk taban\u0131nda ciddi bir direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 i\u015fgalleri \u015eam\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda direni\u015f, daha \u00e7ok fikri planda kald\u0131. Halep\u2019de ise tam anlam\u0131yla bir te\u015fkilatlanma s\u00f6z konusu idi. Zira Halep, \u00f6teden beri T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn karakteristik \u00f6zelliklerini g\u00f6stermekteydi. S\u00f6zkonusu i\u015fgaller, Gaziantep ve Kilis\u2019te de silahl\u0131 direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130tilaf devletlerinin i\u015fgalleri Basra\u2019dan itibaren kuzeye do\u011fru geli\u015firken, Basra ve Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta halk nezdinde \u00f6nemli bir direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Musul, Kerk\u00fck ve Erbil\u2019e gelindi\u011finde, ayn\u0131 paralelde te\u015fkilatlanmalar ve Mardin\u2019de silahl\u0131 direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafkaslarda da ayn\u0131 durumu g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, Azerbaycan\u2019dan \u00e7ekildi\u011fimiz zaman buralar Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edildi. Do\u011fu\u2019daki direni\u015fin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda da miri rejimin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ile b\u00fcy\u00fck bir benzerlik s\u00f6zkonusudur. Zira 1878 Berlin antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Ruslara b\u0131rak\u0131lan Kars, Ardahan ve Oltu gibi kazalarda, hedefi T\u00fcrkiye ile birle\u015fmek olan \u015eura H\u00fck\u00fcmetleri kurulmu\u015f ve silahl\u0131 direni\u015f s\u00f6zkonusu olmu\u015ftur. Rumeli\u2019de ise i\u015fgallere kar\u015f\u0131 Edirne\u2019de \u015fiddetle tepki g\u00f6sterilerek, Pa\u015faeli ve Rumeli M\u00fcdafa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti kurulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk Devletinin hakimiyet sahas\u0131n\u0131n tamamen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alana daralt\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik planlar ve buna dayal\u0131 antla\u015fma tasar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeme getirilmesi T\u00fcrk Milli M\u00fccadele H\u00e2rekat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f ve TBMM\u2019nin sevk ve idaresi ile s\u00f6zkonusu s\u0131n\u0131rlar dahilinde bir T\u00fcrk Devletinin kurulmas\u0131 fikri ge\u00e7erlilik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 11 May\u0131s 1920 tarihinde Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmetine sunulan Sevr antla\u015fmas\u0131na tepki olarak Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee de dahil olmak \u00fczere ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini onaylatmak \u00fczere Bol\u015feviklerle temasa ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve bir el\u00e7ilik heyetini Moskova\u2019ya gitmek \u00fczere yola \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcttefikler ise Sevr\u2019i zorla Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmetine onaylatt\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla 11 Temmuz 1920 tarihinde Spa\u2019da bir araya gelmi\u015f ve \u201cAntla\u015fma bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bi\u00e7imi ile imzalanmayacak olursa m\u00fcttefik devletler imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 zorlamak i\u00e7in gerekli g\u00f6recekleri eylemde bulunacaklard\u0131r…\u201d \u015feklinde bir karar alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Kimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara g\u00f6re konferans karar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihlerde, Ankara\u2019da ise TBMM hummal\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ine girmi\u015fti. Moskova\u2019ya giden heyet ise 24 A\u011fustos tarihinde Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eenin ilke olarak kabul edilmesinin \u015fart ko\u015fuldu\u011fu bir antla\u015fma tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131r hale getirmi\u015fti. Bu da politik manada s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n muhafaza ve idame ettirilmesi hususunda ne kadar kararl\u0131 olundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eede v\u00fccud bulan s\u0131n\u0131rlar ile ilgili olarak \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gereken bir ba\u015fka husus da yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi soyut bir \u00f6zellik arzetmesidir. Zira; Atat\u00fcrk, Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee s\u0131nrlar\u0131n\u0131n sabit olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131 geldi\u011finde de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fini de ifade etmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi destekler mahiyette olan \u015fu anekdot Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn muhayyilesindeki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Atat\u00fcrk, Mc Arthur ile yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu m\u00fclakatta, \u201cAllah nasip eder, \u00f6mr\u00fcm vefa ederse Musul, Kerk\u00fck ve Adalar\u0131 geri alaca\u011f\u0131m. Selanik de dahil Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019y\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine kataca\u011f\u0131m…\u201d \u015feklinde bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapar ki; bu, \u00fctopik bir de\u011ferlendirme olarak kabul edilse dahi, Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eenin ve orada kasdedilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n sabit lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle Musul sorununda g\u00f6sterilen kararl\u0131l\u0131k ve asker\u00ee m\u00fcdahale haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunulmas\u0131 bu konuda verilecek en g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerdin biridir. Fakat \u0130ngilizlerin tahrik ve te\u015fvikleri sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u015eeyh Sait isyan\u0131, Musul i\u00e7in yap\u0131lacak giri\u015fimleri sonu\u00e7suz b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca 1923 Lozan Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesindeki ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131n 1936 Montreux Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle \u015fartlar de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir prensibinden hareketle kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemle durulmas\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gereken hususlardan biridir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine, Hatay\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye iltihak\u0131 hususunda 1921-1939 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6revleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zveri ile yerine getirmesi ve s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc takdirin \u00fczerindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24 Temmuz 1923 tarihli Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ula\u015f\u0131lan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ile s\u00f6z konusu olacak ili\u015fkilerin d\u00fczenlenmesi de Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00eenin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn, 29 Ekim 1933 tarihinde alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemle \u00e7izdi\u011fi esaslar, Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Millinin siyas\u00ee ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hedeflerini ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 da belirtmektedir. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin yeg\u00e2ne d\u00fcsturu olmas\u0131 dile\u011fiyle Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn bu veciz s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc aynen yay\u0131nl\u0131yoruz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c…Bug\u00fcn Sovyetler birli\u011fi, dostumuzdur, kom\u015fumuzdur, m\u00fcttefikimizdir. Bu dostlu\u011fa ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r. Fakat, yar\u0131n ne olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kimse bug\u00fcnden kestiremez. T\u0131pk\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 gibi, t\u0131pk\u0131 Avusturya-Macaristan gibi par\u00e7alanabilir, ufalanabilir. Bug\u00fcn elinde s\u0131ms\u0131k\u0131 tuttu\u011fu milletler avu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7abilirler. D\u00fcnya yeni bir dengeye ula\u015fabilir. \u0130\u015fte o zaman T\u00fcrkiye ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmelidir… Bizim bu dostumuzun idaresinde dili bir, inanc\u0131 bir, \u00f6z\u00fc bir karde\u015flerimiz vard\u0131r. Onlara sahip \u00e7\u0131kmaya haz\u0131r olmal\u0131y\u0131z. Haz\u0131r olmak, yaln\u0131z o g\u00fcn\u00fc susup beklemek de\u011fildir. Haz\u0131rlanmak l\u00e2z\u0131md\u0131r. Milletler buna nas\u0131l haz\u0131rlan\u0131rlar? Manev\u00ee k\u00f6pr\u00fclerini sa\u011flam tutarak. Dil bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcd\u00fcr… \u0130nan\u00e7 bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcd\u00fcr… Tarih bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcd\u00fcr…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6klerimize inmeli ve olaylar\u0131n b\u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tarihimizin i\u00e7inde b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeliyiz. Onlar\u0131n bize yakla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 bekleyemeyiz. Bizim onlara yakla\u015fmam\u0131z gereklidir…\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee\u2019den hareketle ula\u015f\u0131lan s\u0131n\u0131rlar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti devletinin kara s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve karasular\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 team\u00fcllere uygun birtak\u0131m antla\u015fmalarla tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kuzey-do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n tespit ve tanzimi 16 Mart 1921 tarihli Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve 13 Ekim 1921 tarihinde s\u00f6z konusu edilen Kars Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile de Ermenistan, G\u00fcrcistan ve Nahcivan dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Azerbaycan\u2019a teyid ve tescil ettirilerek ge\u00e7erlilik kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta G\u00fcrcistan, Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan ile s\u0131n\u0131rda\u015f olan T\u00fcrkiye, SSCB\u2019nin te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcnden sonra uzun bir s\u00fcre, s\u0131n\u0131r meselelerini bu \u00fclke ile halletmek yoluna gitmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kuzey-do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 da \u201cT\u00fcrk-Sovyet\u201d s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve bu durum Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na kadar devam etmi\u015ftir. S\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izgisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kuzey-do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00f6tesinde, eskiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ve 1991 y\u0131l\u0131 ile birlikte ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletler olarak beliren G\u00fcrcistan, Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan tekrar s\u0131n\u0131rda\u015f devletler olarak ge\u00e7erlilik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kuzey-do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 610 km uzunlu\u011funda olup Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda Sarp K\u00f6y\u00fcnden ba\u015flar ve Aras Irma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 terk etti\u011fi Dil Ucu\u2019nda sona erer. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kuzey-do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 boyunca Sarp S\u0131n\u0131r Kap\u0131s\u0131, Akkaya G\u00fcmr\u00fck Kap\u0131s\u0131 ve Demirci \u0130stasyonu ile Alican K\u00f6y\u00fc S\u0131n\u0131r Kap\u0131s\u0131 mevcut olup Nahcivan\u2019a ge\u00e7i\u015f de dar bir koridordan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye – \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, uzun d\u00f6nem devam eden Osmanl\u0131 – \u0130ran m\u00fccadelelerinden sonra tabii h\u00e2lini alm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar devam etmi\u015ftir. (1877-78 Osmanl\u0131 Rus Harbine Kadar T\u00fcrk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan Kotur Kasabas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ran\u2019a ge\u00e7mesi ve s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi.) Amasya (1555), I. \u0130stanbul (1590), II. \u0130stanbul (1618) ve Kasr-\u0131 \u015eirin (1639) Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 ile tesbit ve tescil edilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar bu h\u00e2liyle daha sonraki antla\u015fmalar\u0131n da m\u00fcracaat kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fekliyle T\u00fcrkiye – \u0130ran S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, 454 km uzunlu\u011funda olup T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Nah\u00e7ivan dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Azerbaycan ile s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n bitti\u011fi Dil Ucu\u2019ndan yani Aras\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden itibaren ba\u015flar. \u00d6te taraftan, T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olan Kel\u015fim Ge\u00e7idi (Gedi\u011fi)\u2019ne kadar devam eder. T\u00fcrkiye-\u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 tabii bir s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnde olup G\u00fcrbulak S\u0131n\u0131r ve G\u00fcmr\u00fck Kap\u0131s\u0131, Razi \u0130stasyonu ve G\u00fcmr\u00fck Kap\u0131s\u0131, Esendere G\u00fcmr\u00fck ve S\u0131n\u0131r Kap\u0131s\u0131 ile ge\u00e7i\u015f temin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk-\u0130ran S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 etnolojik y\u00f6nden ayn\u0131 milleti ikiye b\u00f6lmekte olup \u0130ran Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde 16 milyon T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusu ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131r, jeopolitik, stratejik ve teopolitik bak\u0131mlardan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem arz etmekte, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti ile \u0130ran \u0130sl\u00e2m Cumhuriyeti aras\u0131ndaki rejim farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan ideoloji transferi, bu b\u00f6lgede yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde kendini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6zellikle; \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n, T\u00fcrk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerde hatta T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti topraklar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi faaliyetler ve se\u00e7ti\u011fi hedef kitleler b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehdit olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan, PKK ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131ra yak\u0131n \u0130ran co\u011frafyas\u0131nda bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerindeki tehditlerini daha belirgin bir hale getirmektedir.
T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, Kel\u015fim Ge\u00e7idi\u2019nden ba\u015flay\u0131p T\u00fcrkiye-Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fim noktas\u0131 olan Dicle-Habur \u00e7ay\u0131 kav\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda son bulmaktad\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 331 km uzunlu\u011funda bulunan T\u00fcrkiye – Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de tabii s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcndedir. Bundan dolay\u0131, ge\u00e7i\u015fler b\u00fcy\u00fck Oranda Cizre-Silopi-Zaho g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 da \u201cArazi ve s\u0131n\u0131r meseleleri, ayn\u0131 zamanda o arazi \u00fczerindeki insanlar\u0131n mukadderat\u0131 meselesidir\u201d ilkesinden hareketle, T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusunun ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesine sebep olan s\u0131n\u0131rlardan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur. \u00d6zellikle, Musul, Kerk\u00fck ve S\u00fcleymaniye b\u00f6lgelerinde yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde bulunan T\u00fcrkler, 1926 Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 5 Haziran 1926 tarihli Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lanan siyas\u00ee m\u00fccadelede T\u00fcrkiye hem Musul ve havalisini hem de buradaki T\u00fcrklerin mukadderat\u0131n\u0131 1951 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Irak\u2019\u0131 mandas\u0131 alt\u0131nda bulunduran \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin daha sonra da m\u00fcstakil bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fan Irak\u2019\u0131n insaf\u0131na terk etmi\u015ftir. Zira bu b\u00f6lgede bulunan T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan muamele, uluslararas\u0131 hukuka ve buna dayal\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lan antla\u015fmalarda belirtilen hususlara b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tezat te\u015fkil etmektedir.
T\u00fcrkiye-Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131r ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck kap\u0131s\u0131 ise Habur Kap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Son zamanlarda s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesinde meydana gelen olaylar ve yeni siyasi olu\u015fumlar\u0131 yaratma gayretleri, b\u00f6lgeyi devaml\u0131 surette g\u00fcndemde tutmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, otorite bo\u015flu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 b\u00f6lgede yuvalanm\u0131\u015f olan PKK ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tehdit eder h\u00e2le gelmesinden sonra yap\u0131lan asker\u00ee hareketler ve al\u0131nan tedbirler sayesinde temizlenmeye, s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fi teminat alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. P.K.K. ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131r g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve \u00fclke b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tehdit alt\u0131na almak istemesi, yukar\u0131da i\u015faret edildi\u011fi gibi ba\u015fta kom\u015fu devletlerin ve b\u00f6lge ile alakas\u0131 olan baz\u0131 devletlerin takip ettikleri politikalar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye-Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, g\u00fcney \u015feridinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 877 km uzunlu\u011fu ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en uzun s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 konumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye-Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ve \u00f6tesi, 1920 y\u0131l\u0131 ile birlikte yapay bir \u015fekilde ye\u015fertilen Suriye Devleti ve \u00f6zellikle Haf\u0131z Esad y\u00f6netiminin ideolojisi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6nemli tehdit merkezlerinden birisini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin miras\u0131 \u00fczerine olu\u015fturulan yeni s\u0131n\u0131rlar sebebiyle s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde kalan T\u00fcrklerin, oralarda bask\u0131 rejimi alt\u0131nda asimilasyona t\u00e2bi tutulmas\u0131 gibi hadiseler yan\u0131nda, Suriye\u2019de ya\u015fanan sava\u015f nedeniyle PKK ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti aleyhinde faaliyette bulunan di\u011fer ter\u00f6r gruplar\u0131n\u0131n himaye edilmesi, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131ndan takip edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye-Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc demiryolu g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak olu\u015fturulan yapay bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye-Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r tespiti, 20 Ekim 1921 Antla\u015fmas\u0131 esas olmak \u00fczere 5 Haziran 1926 ve 23 Haziran 1939 Ankara Antla\u015fmalar\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. S\u0131n\u0131rda; Cizre, Girmeli, \u015eenyurt, Ceylanp\u0131nar, Ak\u00e7akale, M\u00fcr\u015fidp\u0131nar, Karkam\u0131\u015f, \u00c7obanbey, \u00d6nc\u00fcp\u0131nar, \u0130slahiye, Cilveg\u00f6z\u00fc ve Karbeyaz (Yi\u011fityolu) G\u00fcmr\u00fck ve S\u0131n\u0131r Kap\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye-Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Milli do\u011frultusunda takip edilen yo\u011fun siyasetle de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011frayan yeg\u00e2ne s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r. Hatay\u2019\u0131n anavatana iltihak\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131na 5402.6 km2 daha ilave edilmi\u015f, bu durum ise s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015ftir. \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Suriye\u201d \u00f6zlemi i\u00e7inde bulunan Suriye y\u00f6netiminin T\u00fcrkiye ile olan m\u00fcnasebetlerindeki en \u00f6nemli meseleler, haritalar\u0131nda kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6stermeye \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterdikleri \u201cHatay\u201d ile \u201cSu Meselesi\u201ddir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, iyi kom\u015fuluk hukukuna dayal\u0131 olarak kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde do\u011fan ve s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesine giden F\u0131rat ve Dicle \u0131rmaklar\u0131ndaki suyun kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile alakal\u0131 olarak adil bir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi h\u00e2lde gerek Suriye\u2019yi ve gerekse Irak\u2019\u0131 bug\u00fcne kadar tatmin edememi\u015ftir. Bir di\u011fer sorun da Suriye sava\u015f\u0131 esnas\u0131nda \u00fclkelerini terk eden ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ge\u00e7en s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n durumudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye-Bulgaristan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, 1913 \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131 esas al\u0131narak Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve 1925 tarihli dostluk ve sald\u0131rmazl\u0131k antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile tescil edilmi\u015ftir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 269 km uzunlu\u011fundaki T\u00fcrk-Bulgar s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki mevcut olan Kap\u0131kule G\u00fcmr\u00fck ve S\u0131n\u0131r Kap\u0131s\u0131 sadece iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki giri\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 temin etmeyip T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Avrupa\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lan penceresi konumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk-Bulgar S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 1913 \u0130stanbul Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na kadar devaml\u0131 surette T\u00fcrkiye aleyhine bir Bulgar geni\u015flemesine sahne olmu\u015f, bu antla\u015fma ile de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019y\u0131 Bulgaristan\u2019a b\u0131rakmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 6 Eyl\u00fcl 1915 tarihinde yap\u0131lan S\u0131n\u0131r Tashihi Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131, Do\u011fu Trakya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 \u015feridinden baz\u0131 topraklar\u0131 vermek suretiyle, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ittifak halkas\u0131na dahil etmek istedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve bu verilen taviz 24 Eyl\u00fcl 1918 tarihli M\u00fcttefikler Aras\u0131 Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine kadar devam etmi\u015ftir. Bu antla\u015fma ile Bulgaristan elde etti\u011fi geni\u015f toprak kazanc\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye lehine Trakya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda baz\u0131 d\u00fczeltmelere gitmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye-Bulgaristan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n tespitinde s\u00f6z konusu olan Bulgaristan\u2019daki T\u00fcrk varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrk-Bulgar y\u00f6netimlerini zaman zaman kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirmi\u015f ve bu arada y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7inde s\u00f6z konusu olan \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 ise T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi olduk\u00e7a etkilemi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle, demir perde \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7erisinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, \u00f6nemli derecede kimlik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7eken ve bu y\u00f6nde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutulan Bulgaristan T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 hukuka dayal\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen antla\u015fmalardaki hak ve imtiyazlar\u0131, iki \u00fclkenin en \u00f6nemli meselesi olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Avrupa yakas\u0131ndaki di\u011fer kom\u015fusu Yunanistan\u2019d\u0131r. Yunanistan ile Trakya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile tespit ve tescil edilmi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015fler ise kara s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 itibariyle \u0130psala, Uzunk\u00f6pr\u00fc, Pazarkule,-Edirne G\u00fcmr\u00fck Kap\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k 212 km uzunlu\u011fundaki T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 sakin bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm arz etmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, karasular\u0131 ve k\u0131ta sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye ile Yunanistan aras\u0131ndaki meseleler g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e yo\u011funluk kazanmaktad\u0131r. Bunun en \u00f6nemli sebebi ise Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n \u201cMegali \u0130dea\u201ds\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek pahas\u0131na ortaya koydu\u011fu uzla\u015fmaz ve yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikalard\u0131r. Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019daki T\u00fcrk \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun en tabii hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131larak sahip olduklar\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 iki taraf aras\u0131nda siyas\u00ee gerginli\u011fin artmas\u0131na sebep olmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca uluslararas\u0131 hukuk kurallar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Adalar Denizi i\u00e7in tespit edilen 3 millik karasular\u0131n\u0131n Yunanistan taraf\u0131ndan tek tarafl\u0131 olarak 6 mile \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bununla da yetinmeyen Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n karasular\u0131n\u0131 12 mile \u00e7\u0131kartarak T\u00fcrk-Yunan ili\u015fkilerinde ya\u015fanan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 daha da t\u0131rmand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir uygulaman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Adalar Denizinde bo\u011fulmas\u0131 ve K\u0131br\u0131s ile alakas\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesi anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in sava\u015f sebebi g\u00f6rmesi, meselenin ciddiyetini bir kat daha art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi gibi T\u00fcrkiye, Adalar Denizindeki karasular\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu ile ilgili olarak Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7 hukukunda kabul etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu 12 mili fiilen uygulamas\u0131 durumunda bunun sava\u015f nedeni (casus belli) say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten 8 Haziran 1995 tarihli bir TBMM karar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong>
Afetinan, A., \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi 17 \u015eubat-4 Mart 1923, Ankara 1989
Akg\u00fcn, Se\u00e7il, Murat Ulu\u011ftekin, \u201cMisak-\u0131 Maarif\u201d Atat\u00fcrk Yolu, II\/3, (May\u0131s 1989)
Aky\u00fcz, Yahya, T\u00fcrk E\u011fitim Tarihi (Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan 1982\u2019ye), Ankara 1982
Arsel, \u0130lhan, Anayasa Hukuku (Demokrasi), Ankara 1964
Atat\u00fcrk, M. Kemal, Nutuk 1919-1927, (n\u015fr. Zeynep Korkmaz), Ankara 1991
Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn S\u00f6ylev ve Deme\u00e7leri II, Ankara 1989
Ba\u015feren, Serta\u00e7 Hami, Ege Sorunlar\u0131, T\u00dcDAV Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, No:15, Ankara, 2003.
Baykal, Ferit Hakan, Deniz Hukuku \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Alfa Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 1998
Demir, \u0130smail, T\u00fcrk Deniz Yetki Alanlar\u0131n\u0131n Belirlenmesinin Hukuki Dayanaklar\u0131 ve \u0130\u00e7 Hukuk \u00dczerine Baz\u0131 D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, Adalet Dergisi, 2020\/2, Say\u0131: 65, ss. 27-50
G\u00f6kbilgin, M. Tayyib, Milli M\u00fccadele Ba\u015flarken I, Ankara 1959
G\u00f6nl\u00fcbol, Mehmet, Bar\u0131\u015f Zaman\u0131nda Sahil Sular\u0131n\u0131n Hukuki Stat\u00fcs\u00fc, Siyasal Bilgiler Fak\u00fcltesi, Ankara, 1959
\u0130\u011fdemir, Ulu\u011f, Sivas Kongresi Tutanaklar\u0131, Ankara 1986
Jaeschke, Gothard, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ile \u0130lgili \u0130ngiliz Belgeleri, Ankara 1971
Kabakl\u0131, Ahmet, Temellerin Duru\u015fmas\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1992
Kansu, Mazhar M\u00fcfit, Erzurumdan \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fcne Kadar Atat\u00fcrk\u2019le Beraber II., Ankara 1988
Kara Kuvvetleri Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve Yakla\u015f\u0131m Tarz\u0131, Ankara 1982
Kaymaz, Nejat, \u201cMis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee \u00dczerinde Yap\u0131lan Tart\u0131\u015fmalar Hakk\u0131nda\u201d VIII. T\u00fcrk Tarih Kongresi, 11-15 Ekim 1976, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler III, Ankara 1983
Kuran, Selami, Uluslararas\u0131 Deniz Hukuku, 3. Bask\u0131, T\u00fcrkmen Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul, 2009
K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Milli D\u0131\u015f Politikas\u0131 (Milli M\u00fccadele D\u00f6nemine Ait 100 Belge) 1919-1923 I, Ankara 1981
K\u00fcrkc\u00fco\u011flu, \u00d6mer, T\u00fcrk-\u0130ngiliz \u0130li\u015fkileri(1919-1926), Ankara 1978
Meray, Seha L., \u201cBaz\u0131 T\u00fcrk Andla\u015fmalar\u0131nda Hudutlarla \u0130lgili H\u00fck\u00fcmler\u201d, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi XV\/II, Ankara 1960
Meray, Seha L., Osman Olcay, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f Belgeleri, Ankara 1977
Nejat Kaymaz,\u201c TBMM\u2019de Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee\u2019ye Ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k And\u0131 \u0130\u00e7ilmesi Konusu I\u201d, Tarih ve Toplum, S.19,(Temmuz 1985)
Nur, R\u0131za, T\u00fcrk Tarihi I., \u0130stanbul 1924
Olcay, Osman, Sevr Andla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na Do\u011fru-\u00c7e\u015fitli Konferans ve Toplant\u0131lar\u0131n Tutanaklar\u0131 ve Bunlara \u0130li\u015fkin Belgeler, Ankara 1981
\u00d6zman, Aydo\u011fan, Deniz Hukuku I, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2006
\u00d6ztoprak, \u0130zzet, \u201cBekir Sami Bey\u2019in \u0130stifas\u0131 Meselesi\u201d Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Dergisi IX\/ 25 (Kas\u0131m 1992), Ankara 1993
\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, Mustafa, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Miri Rejiminin Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee ile M\u00fcnasebetleri\u201d, Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Be\u015finci Asker\u00ee Tarih Semineri Bildirileri I(23-25 Ekim 1995) Ankara 1996
Pazarc\u0131, H\u00fcseyin, Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuk Dersleri II, Ankara 1989
Serta\u00e7 Hami, Ba\u015feren, Ege Sorunlar\u0131, T\u00dcDAV Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, No:15, Ankara, 2003
\u015eim\u015fir, Bilal N., Malta S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri, \u0130stanbul 1976
Taneri, Ayd\u0131n, T\u00fcrk Devlet Gelene\u011fi D\u00fcn-Bug\u00fcn, \u0130stanbul 1993
Tengir\u015fek, Yusuf Kemal, Vatan Hizmetinde, Ankara 1981
Toluner, Sevin, Milletleraras\u0131 Hukuk Dersleri, 4. Bask\u0131. Beta Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 1996
Tuncay, Mete, \u201cMis\u00e2k-\u0131 Mill\u00ee\u2019nin 1.Maddesi\u00dcst\u00fcne\u201d, Birikim Dergisi III\/ 18-19 (A\u011fustos- Eyl\u00fcl 1976), s. 12-16.
Turan, \u015eerafettin, T\u00fcrk Devrim Tarihi, \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden Ulusal Direni\u015fe I, Ankara 1991
Turan, \u015eerafettin, T\u00fcrk Devrim Tarihi II, Ankara 1992<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prof. Dr. Mesut AYDIN Devlet; bir milletin belli bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu politik te\u015fkil\u00e2tlanma ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan t\u00fczel bir ki\u015filiktir. Bu tan\u0131mlamada \u00fclke (yurt), millet, devlet kudreti (hakimiyet) ve politik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme gibi \u00f6nemli kavramlar yer almaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n da modern anlamda devleti olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Uluslararas\u0131 hukukun stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc, devletlerin olu\u015fturdu\u011funu dikkate al\u0131rsak devletin unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 ve buna […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":300,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,24,25,34,27,16,23,26],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-299","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-image","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-analizler","8":"category-asya","9":"category-avrupa","10":"category-balkanlar","11":"category-dunya","12":"category-haberler","13":"category-manset","14":"category-ortadogu","15":"post_format-post-format-image"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/299","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=299"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/299\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":321,"href":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/299\/revisions\/321"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/300"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=299"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/utamer.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}